Economic Analysis of Coffee in Vietnam

Economic Analysis of Coffee in Vietnam Group members: Huynh Anh Tin, Pham Le Bao Tran, Pham Le Thien Huong Vietnam coffee market structure: Vietnam coffee market structure is oligopoly, because there are a few firms that have the ability to enter this industry, and with many similar product taste (Sloman, Garratt, 2013). The production of coffee is expensive, it include land, machine, labor, and material. Coffee only grows in high land area of Vietnam, so the investors have to buy large land and burn forest. The labor forces are the farmers, who have years of experience on growing coffee, are paid to grow the coffee to export over sea. Due to coffee planting become popular in Vietnam, Vietnam coffee production surpass Colombia to become the second largest coffee producers. (The popularity of coffee More over, there are also some brands of coffee product such as: Trung Nguyen, Y 5, Vina, etc. Most of Vietnam coffees are export to countries such as: England, United States, Japan, Korean, Hong Kong, Italy, etc. Elasticity of Demand: Vietnam has many coffee distributors, so there will be many different prices of coffee. Coffee price will also change because of the world market price change everyday. However, Drinking coffe is a Vietnamese’s culture for years so even if price change the customers are still buying the coffee. Coffee makes people focus, smarter, gain energy, release stress (Gunnars, 2013) . Because coffee is consisted of caffeine, so some of customers cannot quit coffee. And it takes a lot of time to find other substitute or to stop drinking coffee. Coffee Culture is increasing can also make consumers demand more coffee than before. Rise of other culture coffee makes consumer curious and want to taste the different coffee style. And young people also drink coffee to prove that they are already grow up. base on the survey of director of Thu Ha company, Thu Ha company produced 100 ton per year but only 30% of product was exported and the rest was consumed in domestic. It proved that the demand of coffee in Viet Nam is very high and it also attracted some of big coffee distributor come to Viet Nam such as Starbucks and Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf. http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/contents.php?ids=8334ur=hoainam c) Elasticity in Supply The growth of Vietnam coffee productivity has entered the world market and became the second largest coffee producer, after Brazil. Beside the growth of production, Vietnam’s coffee culture is also well known with the unique brewing style. More important, coffee is the daily need of Vietnamese people, because they need coffee to make them stay awake and gain energy to focus on work. Even though price of coffee is change due to price change, coffee it self will not decrease the quantity of coffee supply. Base on the Hallam research, Vietnam coffee production is a strong producer, which can expand from 60 578 hectares to 463 450 hectares and coffee bean output increased from 96 000 tones to 800 000 tones, making Viet Nam the largest Robusta producer and second largest coffee producer in the world. This result the increase of income of employment and decline the hunger rate. However, price of Robusta coffee has fallen because of the Arabica coffee had also fallen. Against this background, the coffee price elasticity of supply is very low, which is only 0.13 in short run and 0.24 in the long run . Supply responses to price incentives are not balanced: periods of rising prices stimulate new plantings and other fixed asset investments, which does not change when price fall, it can not be replaced when it reach to the end of production. Supply responses to falling prices have also been slowed in some cases by national efforts to assist producers, for example through price supports and debt relief. In the short-term adjustments can be made to reduce inputs including labor, but creating unemployment and stimulating migration. Reduced labor input through makes the coffee are less care, which lowered the quality of coffee and also create a pressure on price. ( Hallam, Fig.1: Short run of coffee’s price elasticity of supply. Accessed: April 1, 2014, from: http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/comments/unit-1-micro-revision-on-price-elasticity-of-supply. d) Opportunity cost Opportunity cost is the alternatives consumers or producers have to give up when deciding purchasing or producing.(Sloman, Garrett, 2013) When people have to make choice they have to lose the other alternative that involves. Opportunity cost occurs in simple purchase to complex purchase. Purchasing coffee also occur opportunity cost, the consumer may decide the good that they want, so they can satisfied their simple needs. Normally, consumers who want to have a coffee cup to be more awake and focus on their work will have to scarify some of their alternatives to get the cup of coffee. Money: The first alternative that people have to pay in order to get their coffee. When consumers decide to get a cup of coffee, they have to know the price of coffee that they will buy. The amount of money they spend for the coffee is the opportunity cost to get the coffee for them. However, the consumers give up the alternative of saving money, spending on other substitute, or even invest on a business. A cup of coffee may not cost the consumer a lot of money, however if the consumers buy coffee everyday may cost them more than what they think. Time: The second alternative that consumer have to scarify is time. Time now is including the time the consumer have to go to the coffee shop and the time they have to wait for the coffee. The alternative that they give up is the amount of time just for travelling to the coffee and waiting for the product. In order to get a cup of coffee, customers have to sacrifice some of the alternatives to get the coffee they demand. Conclusion: The report aim to learn and understand the characteristic of the strongest product of Vietnam, which is coffee. More over, we can also learn what is the position of the product in the world market. In the report, we learn about the market structure, the demand, the supply of coffee, the elasticity of demand and elasticity of supply. In the report our group learn about four facts: First, the Vietnamese coffee market structure is Oligopoly, which has a few firms can enter and produce similar product. Second, The elasticity of demand and supply are considered inelastic, because of price cannot change the supply and demand of coffee of Vietnamese people. Third, the opportunity costs in order to buy a cup of coffee. Last, analyzing the demand and supply of Vietnamese coffee. Coffee has been a strong industry for year, however coffee supply has decreased the quantity and the quality by the countries, which import Vietnam coffee. In order to make the Vietnam’s coffee become acknowled ge for both quantity and quality, finding solution and make changes in production are required to boost the production. Summary the event: The event mention about the increase in price of coffee not only in Viet Nam and in the world because that is affected by the drought in Brazil. In details, during the early 2014, a seriously drought is destroying the coffee farms in Brazil which is the biggest exporting coffee countries in the world. This would not be good news for farmers but that is great news for other exporting countries in which have Viet Nam. That also affects the selling price in Viet Nam market, the selling price for coffee increase rapidly during the early in 2014. According to this event, the reason for increasing selling price for coffee also concern about the speculation of firms and other organizations. For the Arabica coffee, it increases more than two times than the first days in October, 2013. Shifts in supply curve: After drawing the curve of supply, we can see how the drought in Brazil affect the supply for coffee. Especially, the supply for coffee is very sensitive with the weather. The weather can easily affect the productivity of coffee. Of course, the supply curve will move to the left, from S1 to S2 in the curve. In this case, with the impact of the drought, it makes the selling price increase from P1 to P2 because the productivity is less than before. In some cases, the price of coffee will increase slightly because the demand for coffee is elastic but in this case, many factors combine together from the impact from the weather and the speculation of people, which lead to the big increase for selling price of coffee. The gap from P1 to P2 will much bigger than other situations. When the selling price increase, that is also a main reason why the number of people wants to buy less than before, Q1 will move backward to Q2 as well. The changes in quantity of demand for coffee will decrease fo llow the changes of selling price. Because the changes in the supply curve above, the new equilibrium point will move to the new point which is from E1 to E2. After analyzing the impact of the event to the supply curve, coffee can easily be affected by the outside factors such as: environment, weather and people. P D S2 S1 Pe2 E2 Pe1 E1 0 Q2 Q1 Q http://www.thesaigontimes.vn/Home/nongsan/tintucthitruong/112433/Gia-ca-phe-tang-Cau-hoi-nup-sau-tin-thoi-tiet.html Demand P D1 S D2 Pe1 E1 Pe2 E2 0 Q2 Q1 Summary the event: in a role of apprentice, somehow the reporter was got into a factory which is producing fake coffee in Hoc Mon . Reporter was following the factorys owner to Kim Bien market to buy 15 arsenical material such as smell of coffee flavor, foaming agent for soap, food coloring industry and many more and blend with soya bean. Only in one day that factory can produce 1 ton of Fake coffee and deliver to lot of coffee store from middle of Vietnam to South of Vietnam. And when reporter asked about why don’t you sale the real coffee then the owner of factory just give only one reason that about the price, the real coffe was cost over 200.000 VNÄ  but fake coffee only cost over 100.000 to 120.000 to produce and sales. Shift in Demand curve After drew Demand curve, we can see how the scandal of produce coffee from soya bean mixed with arsenical affected to the demand of coffee. After the true was exposed on newspaper, the consumers scared to drink coffee and switching to another substitutes, then you can see the demand curve moved from D1 to D2. It makes the supplier decrease the cost to attract the consumers, at the curve you can see that P1 move to P2 and it makes a new equilibrium from E1 to E2, and besides that the quantity of coffee also move backward from Q1 to Q2 http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20120718/hai-hung-ca-phe-deu-ky-2-dau-nanh-+-15-hoa-chat-=-ca-phe-18-7-2012.aspx References: Gunnars, K., Feb 20,2013,’Why Is Coffee Good For You? Here are the 7 reasons’, Authority Nutrition. Accessed: April 2, 2014, from: http://authoritynutrition.com/why-is-coffee-good-for-you/ Hallam, D., ‘Falling Commodity Price And Industry Responses: Some Lessons From The International Coffee Crisis’, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Accessed: March 31, 2013, from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5117e/y5117e03.htm#TopOfPage Maja, W.,2013, ‘Vietnam Coffee Production is Blooming, as is the Coffee Culture’, Tea Coffee Trade Journal, p.p:32-33. Sloman, J., Garrett, D.,2013, ‘Essential of Economics’ , Pearson, p.p: 7. Sloman, J., Garrett, D.,2013, ‘Essential of Economics’, Pearson, p.p: 94. Tran, T., July, 2013 ‘Vietnam Coffee’s Industry’, Ipos. Accessed: March 31,2014, from: http://www.ipsosconsulting.com/pdf/Ipsos-Research-Note-Vietnam-Coffee.pdf` List of Illustration Fig.1: Short run of coffee’s price elasticity of supply. Accessed: April 1, 2014, from: http://www.tutor2u.net/blog/index.php/economics/comments/unit-1-micro-revision-on-price-elasticity-of-supply.

film analysis :: essays research papers

Theme of Bodies, Rest and Motion This is a story about searching and trying to find home. Four people are looking for their place in life. It’s about belonging. They are at the beginning of the film living a superficial temporary existence. We have a character Nick who is a man lost, he is looking for a purpose, a sense of belonging and direction. He is disconnected from his family and even from society, from his job, from his girlfriend. He seeking and wanting and does not know what that is but he knows he is missing something or someone. Next we have Sid who at the beginning of the film is just the opposite of Nick. He is a body at rest. He belongs. His is happy with where he is and who he is and is not wanting. He is self-aware, comfortable with his life. He is happy just exactly where he is doing what he does and sure of his place in life. His character is unconventional. He doesn’t know to feel inferior that he is a painter, that he’s never been out of Enfield. When Carol asks him which is his career, the painting or the lawn mowing, her condescension is lost on him. He is free of want until he meets Beth. Beth is in a sort of a lull. She too is searching but not in the way that Nick is. She is not pained by it. Beth is the one that nudges Sid into motion. Beth is living with Nick and senses his chaos but is less pained and less needy. The film opens with everything already in transition, in motion. We first see an escalator moving up and down. People are going places and the escalator tells us that nothing is going to remain as they are. Nick works as a TV salesman but he’s been fired and it’s his last day, he lives with Beth but that soon changes, he lives in Enfield, Arizona but he plans to move tomorrow to Butte, Montana. Nothing is concrete nothing is working, not even the toaster. The next image we see is the desert, vast, endless and un-chartered desert, again the idea of being lost, searching and of course being nowhere. Next, we see Beth at a left turn lane of an intersection, lost in thought, staring into space, she neither knows where she is nor does she know where she is heading.

Ancient greek art :: essays research papers

Art of ancient Greece My report is on ancient Greek art mainly sculptures and vase art I will also be writing about a day in the life of a Greek artist. Artists in ancient Greece varied from designing coins, mosaics, gem engravings, architecture, pottery and sculptures. I’m also going to talk about what tools the sculptors used and the various methods used to make pottery and vases. The second part of my report will be about a day in the life of a Greek artist for example how they were treated were they considered middle class, upper class or were they looked down upon also what were their daily tasks, how did they would start their day and end it. The main reason I picked this topic is because art is a very important key to learning about a cultures history and beliefs. Greek art has influenced many other countries especially Rome most of their art and art from the Italian renaissance were copies of original Greek works of art. Sculpture Sculpture is one of the most important parts of Greek art since it is almost the only art form that has survived in some quantity. The ancient Greeks were especially known for their sculpture because their sculptures were extremely life like and beautiful. It was important to the ancient Greeks to combine passion and reason in their sculpture. Greek sculptures were mostly of the human form since they looked at their gods as having a human form. All of the sculptures were nudes of males because society looked down upon female nudity until latter on in time when you started to see sculptures such as the Venus di Milo, which was modeled after Aphrodite (Wikpedia the free encyclopedia. Wikpedia.11 Nov 2004. 12 Nov 2004 http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Greek_art ). One of the most amazing sculptures is the colossus sculpture of Zeus in Olympia it was one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world. Ancient writers said that it stood 12.40 meters high, 6.65 meters long and 9.76 meters deep the b ody of Zeus was made of ivory followed by a robe made of gold topped with a silver olive wreath and his throne was decorated with mythological scenes painted by Panainos and Kolotis the statue itself was created by Phidos. Michael Lahanas. 25 Dec 2002. 11 Nov 2004 (http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/ZeusStatue.htm). Another great sculpture is the colossus Athena Parthenos. This sculpture just like the colossus statue of Zeus was made of gold and ivory and had various mythological engravings in her shield, helmet and pedestal.

Define The Phrase Organizational Politics Commerce Essay

Bearing in head the theories you have read so far, and with particular mention to theories of individuality, you are asked to utilize your hunt accomplishments to happen out what research workers are stating about the nature and intent of organisational political relations. For 30 % of your concluding class, you are required to compose an essay of about 3,000 words, to be submitted via Turnitin.com ( category ID is 3177884 and the watchword is unity ) . Do non subject until after 20 April, 2010In the context of an organisation with which you are familiar, depict the function and extent of organisational political relations. Describe the intent for which you perceive political action to be used in your organisation, and whether the effects are good or otherwise for the organisation. Explain what the deductions are for effectual communications within the organisation.Extra note: It should be clear that as the class coordinator, I perceive there to be a strong connexion between â€Å" theories of individuality † and â€Å" organisational political relations † You may non hold, and I am really happy either manner, every bit long as you take the clip to analyze the grounds for and against such a connexion, and do your instance consequently. Your essay will be marked in conformity with the undermentioned scheme: Standard Mark Essay demonstrates the ability to critically measure anterior literature on the subject 30 Essay demonstrates a good apprehension of the theories relevant to issues of individuality and organisational political relations 30 Essay demonstrates the ability to concept and pass on logical and persuasive statements backed up with approriate commendations from literature. 30 Essay is good structured, grammatical and proof read. Citations are decently formatted to APA manner. 10 Entire 100 % Start reading now! Do non get down composing until you have gained sufficient scholarly cognition to warrant that action. Punishments will use ( as per the class lineation ) for lateness or important going ( over or under ) from the suggested word count Pursuit ofA individualA agendasA and opportunism in an organisation without respect to their consequence on theA organization'sA attempts toA achieveA itsA ends.ORGANIZATIONAL POLITICSWhen we heard about the word political relations, most people find the negative intension. Its really rare when word political relations use in a positive mode. Political accomplishments can be leveraged to pull strings others and can be used to act upon them to accomplish more than they thought possible. When we struggle to happen out the right manner and non able to win in our several watercourses, we ever criticize others for being excessively political and and playing dirty fast ones. Different people have different perceptual experiences about organisational political relations, it may be positive or negative, good or bad depends upon the individual to whom you ask. Organizationa political relations sometimes taken as a informal manner to do attempts to act upon different people and organisation to accomplish single ends and aims. In organisation point of position, if single is holding power he/she must be careful to do usage of power to act upon the manner which is good for the organisation to accomplish awaited ends or aims and besides their personal growing. For the success of any organisation and to accomplish high public presentation moving politically or political behavior is slightly indispensable. When we think about our workplace where we work, there are tonss of people to whom we have to interact or we have the relationship in one sense. By coordination of everybody in the relationship, we are able to carry through our work. When there is a soothing relationship among all people, more likely you are acquire along and travel in front. When everybody tries to work seriously in the relationships, everything will be given to work good. But unluckily few people ever try to work excessively difficult to acquire in front by ruling in their on the job relationships instead than their work. Sometimes people involved in making duties and all kinds of political plotting in work that leads to a politically charged work environment. Its erstwhile rather thwarting to work in an environment where political relations supersede over competency and accomplishments. It sometimes hard for the employee who is new to an organisation or holding less experiences in covering with these sort of polit ically filled state of affairss. To acquire rid of political state of affairss in an organisations, we need togo through a proper channel to avoid compromising farther. We need to speak to the people straight to decide the affairs and if direct conversation with the people non doing adequate advancement in resoving the things so its better to intensify it to the supervisor or managerial degree. Sometimes it happens that directors besides involves in the political state of affairs so in thi instance you need to take the advice of the human resource director for farther actions. Politicss and Organizational power plays an of import function in an organisation. In some of the organisations it does n't count at all but insome of the organisations its like a blood athletics. There are certain factors which can be used to cognize how of import is political relations for an organisation — Quality of coommunciation between theworking squad and the higher-ups in the undertaking and in the section — How freely people can pass on within their squad members or with the section caputs — By larning different organisational civilization — Notice employees are blandishing their directors or foreman and affecting in otiose things for self publicity instead than difficult work, you will come to cognize the organisational manner of honoring people on their behavior Its better to unattached with political relations in an organisational and maintain your relationship unfastened and friendly and accrue web with assortment of people. After a considerable sum of clip you spend in the organisation, you will come to cognize the organisational civilization and how much you want to affect in organisational political relations maintaining in head to accomplish your personal aims. Organizational political relations is seemingly have a negative image in an organisation but it non so inherently bad. Its better to aware about different potentially rough facets of organisational political relations in order to minimise the negative consequence. Sometimes new employee to an organisation without cognizing the civilization and political accomplishment and consciousness, there would be a opportunities of acquiring immersed in narrow minded political relations and destructive power battles. I think workplace Politics is an indispensable and natural portion of an organisation and employees with different involvement and mentality are their assets. To be successful in the organisation, one should ever be engaged in political relations merely in positive sense. Its non like people are ever positively involved in political relations, some of the employees in a negative sense usage political relations by affecting in use, hidden planning for personal additions. Peoples affecting in these types of behavior are non considered as sanctioned by the organisation. Sometimes these types of behavior involved put excess attempts informely to acquire blessing for a particular undertaking, utilize improper channels to take attending during all the official events to foreground ourself in forepart of senior directors during the clip of publicities. Sometimes people who are non affect in any sort of such behaviour feel themselves on a trench because of the unjust determinations of the se nior directors of the organisation in footings of publicity, wagess and grasp. This is sometimes I feel is a loophole in the direction of an organisation by non acknowledging the valuable work done by an employee who did n't be a portion of political behavior or ego functioning behavior. If the company is over driven by these sort of political behavior, so employees start experiencing frustrated in the company, there will be less occupation satisfaction and he/she start executing worst in the organisation. This sometimes become an alarming issue for the Human resource people, if employees start go forthing occupations often merely because of negative political relations been played in their undertakings. Organization demands to believe about the solutions related to minimise the negative side of the political behavior which is good for maintaining their assets satisfy who are non really involved in the organisational political relations. There should be an equal and unfastened system to garner information about the undertakings for each and every employee, leaders can promote project members to organize a theoretical account demoing collaborative behavior in all facets of work and besides its should be informed ab initio that doing political schemes will non be remunerated or tolerated in the organisation. The Prominent ground what I understand of utilizing political relations in an organisation is because of the competition among the employees to derive power and leading. Political power sometimes use to understand what people really desire or fear and use that understanding to act upon their behavior. This help them to understanding organisation civilization, visualise the the ends and aims of company every bit good as personal. There surely a negative side of the organisational political relations with backstabbing, use, flattering, corrupting but the key to a succesfful calling is to keep a healthy relationship and repute among all the employees in a company. You want to act in an organisation as a nice participant and attempt to do win- win state of affairs in different stages profiting the company every bit good. You need to keep unity while constructing relationships. Organizational political relations is closely related to Leadership properties and it can be understood by the fact that leading ever occurs in the context of bulk or a group where members are ever influenced by leader to guarantee they are focused towards accomplishing awaited ends or results of the workdone. Political environment in an organisation is really much impacted by a leader through authorization, influence and power under different fortunes and its clearly seeable during nonsubjective scene, determination devising, promoting people in a group, interaction in a squad with members to accrue relationships etc. Leadership qualities which developed internally in the organisation in the person have advantage of apprehension of general political relations bing in the several organisation. While leaders join the organisation subsequently or new joiners will hold to put some clip ab initio to larn and understand the prevailing political relations through interaction between the gr oups and senior employees in the organisation. They must be focussed while interaction and assorted organisational activities to understand the flow of information that initiates political clime in the organisation. From organisational point of position, it ‘s really indispensable for the leaders to take the advantage of the political accomplishments and the environment to maximize the organisational productiveness in footings of result and satisfaction degree of the employees. Individual and organisational ancestors can boh take to political behavior: Individual Ancestors: There are figure of latent political ancestors of political behavior in an organisation. Employees holding effectual political accomplishments are more successful at their occupations or atleast in act uponing different people, co-workers, higher-ups etc and besides they can do a difference in doing schemes for accomplishing organisational ends and aims. If single are more profoundly involved in assorted activities in an organisation or extremely invested in an organisation either financially or emotionally so there are more opportunities for them to affect in political behavior. Besides there is one more strong ground to attach politically with the company, if persons anticipate they will be successful in altering the result of the company, more likely they will hold a considerable part in making a political clime. If they think they can act upon an result so they might pass more clip and resources to consequence the result. Organizational Ancestors: Any sort of uncertainness in an organisation can associate to organisational political relations. For illustration When employees are in the province where they can non experience comfy with their occupation duties, they observe the organisation as more political. This function based uncertainness allows employees to negociate and redefine their responsibilities and functions in the given fortunes. Uncertainty besides prevails during publicities and rating of the public presentation, sometimes it leads to a extremely political behavior like feeling direction throughout the organisation. Actually employees at the lower degree of organisations assume their organisation excessively driven by political relations, who are non satisfied with their occupations and misanthropic about future success in their organisations..

Empiricism & human knowledge Essay

Empiricism is a notion that is derived from epistemology studies in philosophy that is centered on nature and limitation of our human knowledge (Kenny 36). The proponents in empiricism school of thought assert that the main source of human knowledge is through our sensational experience. In other words, what a man may claim to know is purely from experience with environment (Kenny 218). However, approaching this argument holistically need to consider some fundamental questions that prove worth informing the argument: What is the nature of propositional knowledge? How can we gain knowledge? And what are the limits of our knowledge? These question though less informative and may not give the full parameters and modality of the argument, it help to move further and creates a well investigative argument. In this regard, the paper central thesis shall be: Does all our knowledge come from experience? If not, where does it come from? And how can we prove that as necessary truth? The question of human knowledge derivation in field of epistemology has been a controversial issue with both rationalists and empiricists pulling toward each others side. However, as the paper shall be concluding it shall be quite evident that no side can stand alone in the proving ground for human knowledge. Since upon exploring each side of the competing explanations, it comes out clearly that human experience is necessary component in attaining knowledge yet at the same time its insufficient condition that can facilitate knowledge gaining. Therefore, this validates the essence that empiricism can not be self explanatory subject content without input and insight from rationalism school of thought (Kenny 41). In regard to Philosophical argument of empiricism, two juxtaposing positions do assist to answer this question. I find it difficult to neither accept nor deny the fact that empiricists assert that our knowledge comes from our experience because we are born as a ‘tabula rasa’. This is the light that some phenomenon experience can not be affirmed by sense experience alone. For instance, when a blue candle is placed on the table and observes with eyes and affirmed that it is a candle since the sense tells and confirm its solid and hard; then when the same candle is placed close to the flame and melts down; using the same sight observation it is difficult to affirm that the liquefied wax is the same blue candle. Basing on this example, it becomes challenging to entrust the experience as a source of understanding that strange phenomenon that challenges our senses to derive knowledge (Bonjour 273). Therefore, in such case rationalist gain a score in the sense that is only through reason that the individual observing the instance can affirm that the liquid was is the same candle in liquid form. Contrary at the same time the knowledge of changing states of wax shall be gained through sight and not reason, though reason facilitate construction and conceptualization of such concept. Evidently the two competing positions have a problem. According to Aune’s (1970) presentation of Plato’s dialogue â€Å"meno† give me an interesting position in his attempt to support rationalism that instead gives insight to validity of empiricism. Plato gave an example aimed at asserting that he met a slave boy who had mathematical knowledge (basic arithmetic); this should be innate. This is because according to him, knowledge from reason is eternal and do not change while that fro experience does. Using that example it is not true that lack of mathematical knowledge to that slave boy validates lack of mathematical experience. This is in the sense that even abstract mathematical concepts are centered on real figures or objects that does exist. For instance, the relationship given by Pythagoras’ theorem is a proposition that expresses a relation between the sides of a right angled triangle. Thus, the knowledge of these kinds of propositions can be discovered purely by thinking but an individual must in his or her earlier stages of learning been exposed or seen the figure of a right angled triangle, which is something that actually exists in the universe. On the contrary, the propositional knowledge about relation of sides of height, base and hypotenuse can be discovered purely by thinking, without the need to attend to anything that actually exists in the universe. This implies that empiricism is the basis on which reason can advance the knowledge gained primary to other higher understanding forms in such arenas as the sciences of geometry, algebra, and arithmetic. On the other hand, matters of fact as a second category object of human reason cannot be established like matters of relations as individuals lack strong grounding to think them as true. Instead, the opposite of every matter of fact is possible since it does not imply a contradiction and is easily conceived by our minds. For example, saying â€Å"the sun will rise tomorrow† is logical and has no more contradictions to saying â€Å"the sun will not rise tomorrow†. Basically, saying that the sun will not rise tomorrow is no less logical a proposition and implies no more contradiction, than the assertion that it will rise. As a result, it will be futile to try and prove its falsehood. If it can be proven false, it would imply a contradiction, and could never be clearly conceived by the mind. Thus, empiricism scores in knowledge that regards maters of fact as opposed to the knowledge of the relational of ideas. Human knowledge acquisition does not need prior reasoning to acquire, but comes from our experience of finding, connecting and inferring that particular objects are constantly associated with one other. For example, if a man is presented with an object that is new to him, no amount of reasoning about its perceptible qualities will enable him to discover it rather than observing, touching and smelling it so that he can conform to already formed knowledge base, or accommodate it as a new object discovered (Hume 173). If next time the same person comes into contact with this object again, thinking can help to connect the object to the past event and claim to know the object. This can be demonstrated by a stranger to fire and moving water; from the light and warmth of fire, one cannot assume that they can be burnt or cannot infer that the fluidity and transparency of water can drown him or her respectively. Thus, such knowledge can only be established if there are incidences that an individual was burnt by fire or drawn fast moving water, which forms the basis of knowledge which is taught. Based on this example, it follows that the qualities of an object that appear to the senses cannot reveal the causes or effect nor can reason, unaided by experience, ever draw any conclusion about real existence which constructs our knowledge. Consequently, it can be seen that experience enables us to know the cause-effect relation which enables us construct the knowledge base. For example, when burnt by fire, one will know its effect and when seeing someone light a fire, one will understand the cause. The reasoning faculty should be seen as the tool that aids in connecting past and present events and facilitate the making of inferences to already existing knowledge derived from experience. From the arguments it is however increased my difficult to neither assert nor deny the thoughts that emanate from empiricism school of thought. Thus, it is evident that experience is necessary to our knowledge acquisition but insufficient mechanism in knowledge gaining and application to different situation. It is in this line of thought that I assert that experience is truly a source of our knowledge for instance language acquisition which a basic foundation of other knowledge acquisition. In conclusion, from various argument discussed and exemplary illustrations the proposition that knowledge discoverable not by reason but by experience is true. Firstly, there are past examples of objects that were once unknown to us and from experience, we now know what would arise from those objects. This is totally in contrast to the objects we have never been in contact with. Secondly, events that are not much like the common course of nature are also known only by experience. For example, without prior knowledge, nobody could guess that magnets attract or gunpowder explodes. Thirdly, when an effect is believed to depend on a secret structure of parts, we tend to attribute all our knowledge of it to experience.Yet, we highly depend on the reason for the connecting, construction, affirming and making inferences. Work cited Aune, B. , Rationalism, Empiricism and Pragmatism: An Introduction, New York: Random House, 1970. Bonjour, L. , In Defense of Pure Reason, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Hume, D. , An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding: Indianapolis, Bobbs- Merrill, 1955 Kenny, A. , Rationalism, Empiricism and Idealism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986.

Date and Observations Essay

1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction conducted in this lab, including appropriate phase symbols.†¨Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) –> H2(g) + MgCl2(aq) 2. Determine the partial pressure of the hydrogen gas collected in the gas collection tube. †¨The partial pressure of the hydrogen gas is 1.07 atm 3. Calculate the moles of hydrogen gas collected.†¨pv=mrt ; n= .0013mol of hydrogen gas 4. If magnesium was the limiting reactant in this lab, calculate the theoretical yield of the gaseous product. Show all steps of your calculation.†¨0.03184 g Mg(1mol Mg/ 24.3050 g Mg)= 0.0013mols Mg 0.0013mols Mg(1mol H2/ 1mol Mg)= .0013 1. Determine the percent yield of this reaction, showing all steps of your calculation. 2. (actual yield/ theoretical yield)x 100% (0.0013/ 0.0013)x 100= 100% 1. Would the following errors increase, decrease, or have no effect on the calculated moles of gas collected in the experiment? Explain your answers in complete sentences.†¨ a. The measured mass of the magnesium was smaller than the true mass. †¨If the measured amount of magnesium is less than the true amount of magnesium then the measured number of moles would be lower than the measured number of hydrogen would be smaller than the true number of moles of hydrogen. It would decrease the calculated moles of the gas. b. The actual temperature of the hydrogen gas is lower than room temperature. †¨If the actual temperature of hydrogen gas is lower than room temperature then the actual amount of hydrogen gas would be higher than the gas at room temperature. So therefore it would increase the number of moles produce. 2. Explain in terms of particle collisions and Dalton’s law why it can be assumed that the total pressure inside the gas collection tube is equal to the atmospheric pressure outside of the tube. †¨If the number of particle collisions and the pressure inside the gas collection tube was high it would force the water in the gas collection tube to be lower than the surrounding water. If the number of particle collisions and the pressure was low the surrounding water would push the water higher into the gas collection tube. When the water is even, inside and outside of the tube, the number of  particle collisions and the pressure are equal. 3. If an undetected air bubble was trapped inside the gas collection tube, how would this affect your calculated percent yield? Explain your answer. 4. If there was an undetected air bubble trapped in the gas collection tube then the pressure of hydrogen would be lower then the actual value therefore the percent yield would be lower than the actual percent yield.

Patient’s Rights In Practice Essay

In the field of healthcare, patients have several rights they can or should utilize in order to receive the maximum benefit out of the treatment they receive. The patient should be thoroughly evaluated and one should make sure that all their rights and responsibilities are respected. However, we should also be aware that there is more than just accepting the rights and responsibilities of the patient. The decision made by the healthcare professionals should be legal and ethical in every sense. In my study, I present a case of a 14-year old girl (let’s name her Sara) who was presented to the hospital when she was found with cramps. Unfortunately, upon ultrasound scanning, it was revealed that she was pregnant. The pregnancy was ectopic. She was obviously hesitating to reveal this to her mother and she planned to undergo the surgery by signing the legal consent herself. However, the girl being underage, consent is definitely an issue as one has to be 18 years old or more to sign the legal consent. There are pros and cons of the issue here that will be discussed elaborately based on several evident journals supporting my arguments. As stated earlier, it is absolutely essential to make the patient aware of his or her rights and in our case, Sara is negligent regarding her rights as she is underage (14 years old). How has she really utilized her rights and what rights she didn’t utilize that could have benefited her? The first right that Sara had utilized correctly was the right to use the free hospital services as a public patient. The second right that can be applied in Sara’s case is her right to be treated with respect, dignity and consideration without taking into consideration of her age, gender, religion or culture. The third right that can be applied is the right to information where she can choose either to be a private patient or a public patient. The fourth right that is applicable in Sara’s case is her right to treatment based on how unwell she is. The fifth right that fits into Sara’s description is her right to participate in making her own decisions regarding the healthcare. Sara also has the right to learn more information about her treatment and risks in her own way so that it is easy for her to understand. This can be regarded as her sixth right. Her right to give permission for the treatment can be her seventh right and Sara’s eighth right is her right to keep her information confidential and private (Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter, 2002). While all her rights have been outlined above thoroughly, let’s look into each and elaborate into each concept by supporting the arguments as well with examples. Each right mentioned above conforms with her age and her right to treatment. In the first right, she gains access to free health services from the hospital which is absolutely vital as she is a resident and under the program she is insured in, she is entitled for benefits. The second right is her right to treatment irrespective of her age and other attributes. Obviously, Sara is underage and by no means does her current age status deprive her from receiving the right medical treatment. The third right that has been explained above is her right to be a public or a private patient. She can pay her own bills or have Medicare pay for her. Since she is underage, this right will apply but as a public patient as private patient right makes no sense in her case as she is not earning (or her financial dispositions have not been displayed). Sara’s fourth right is her right to treatment based on her condition diagnosed, which again, fits into her category. Her right to treatment here is a surgery for her ectopic pregnancy and that should be done at the right time. The suggestion given by the health professionals is accurate and therefore, she can proceed with the treatment whenever she wishes (Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter, 2002). Sara’s fifth right is to choose the kind of healthcare treatment she wants to proceed with. Obviously, in her case, we see that she is negligent regarding this right. However, the healthcare professionals such as the nurses or physicians may advice her (only) regarding her options. Sara’s sixth right, as entitled, is to learn more information about the treatment in her own way. In her case, it would be a simplified language (and not in medical terms) to explain what has actually happened to her and what she has to do for her ectopic pregnancy. Sara’s seventh right is her right to give permission for the treatment. She can refuse or accept to perform the surgery but as in her case, a surgery is absolutely essential as she has an ectopic pregnancy but if she refuses to do so, the healthcare professionals or physicians cannot force her into changing her decision and granting them the permission to pursue with the surgery. And finally, Sara has the right to keep her information confidential. Since she doesn’t want her mother to know about her pregnancy, any information about her pregnancy and surgery should be kept strictly confidential unless absolutely necessary to reveal, only by the patient’s permission (Queensland Health Public Patient’s Charter, 2002. All the patients have their own rights and thus they should be respected as well as taken care of without any sense of hostility towards them. Sara’s first right, as stated, is her right to use free hospital services as a public patient and accordingly, she has utilized her first right. Medicare was first introduced in Australia in the year 1984. Under the public sector of health financing, it has two vital functions, one of them being to cover the cost of public hospital care and other of medical physicians or practitioners. As quoted by the article below, â€Å"Under Medicare, all permanent Australian residents are entitled to free public hospital care when choosing to be public patients. Doctors who are appointed in the hospitals provide their medical treatment. State and territory governments provide public hospital services and work closely with the federal government and professional bodies to ensure that quality of care and appropriate standards are maintained†¦ Medicare also meets the bulk of costs for all out-of-hospital services such as general practitioner and specialist consultations. † (Australia Now, n. d. ). As per the quote above, Sara must have been insured under Medicare which is how she was able to proceed for the surgery or even gain access for the check-up where she was diagnosed for ectopic pregnancy. As the ICN code of ethics for nurses states in its preamble, Inherent in nursing is respect for human rights, including cultural rights, the right to life and choice, to dignity and to be treated with respect. Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted by considerations of age, colour, creed, culture, disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, politics, race or social status† (ICN code of ethics, 2005). Ethically and legally, Sara has utilized her rights and therefore, it is ethical and perfectly legal for the healthcare practitioners such as doctors or nurses to treat her in the way she should be treated. As the right and regulation itself states, there is no discrimination based on any attribute in terms of treatment or providing healthcare services. Her third right, as implied, is her right to be a public or private patient. In Sara’s case, there is hardly any choice as she cannot choose to be a private patient (because if you are a private patient, you pay your own bills and if you are a public patient, they can have Medicare to cover your costs). Regarding the healthcare services in Australia, there is absolutely no fee limit that is charged by the doctors and therefore, one has to be extremely careful when making such choices. However, Dr. Stephen Duckett states, â€Å"There is, however, a government-set fee schedule. Doctors can bill patients or send their bills directly to the government insurance authority, the Health Insurance Commission (HIC). If sent to the HIC, the payment is 85% of the government-set fee for out-of-hospital expenses and 75% of the government set fee for in-hospital services; the money is paid directly to the doctor, and the doctor is not allowed to charge the patient an additional fee. About 75% of family physician services are directly billed to the HIC. If a doctor bills the patient directly, the patient then applies for the rebate of the government set fee† (Duckett, 2004). Sara’s fourth right, as outlined previously, is her right for appropriate treatment for the diagnosed condition, which in her case, is ectopic pregnancy. According to Megan-Jane Johnstone, the patients have the right to appropriate case and thus she states in her book, â€Å"Bioethics: a nursing perspective†, â€Å"The right to have access to appropriate care is a second sense in which a right to health care can be claimed. This sense raises important questions concerning the cultural relativity or ethno-specificity of care and its ability to accommodate people’s personal preferences, health beliefs, health values and health practices. Failing to provide health care in an appropriate manner can have disastrous consequences (clinically, legally and morally)† (Johnston, 1999). Therefore, as stated by Megan-Jane, failing to provide inappropriate healthcare may lead to serious consequences and even lawsuits (when taking this in a legal perspective). The fifth right is Sara’s right is to choose the kind of healthcare treatment she wants to pursue with. The healthcare practitioners can only advise her on this matter and cannot force her to choose a particular kind of treatment. As suggested by her ultrasound test reports, Sara is diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy. In her case, the rights are her law. The law protects her rights. Since Sara has no option at all, she plans to proceed with the surgery of her ectopic pregnancy. According to code of ethics for nurses in Australia, as stated below, Nursing care is based on the development of a therapeutic relationship and the implementation and evaluation of therapeutic processes. Therapeutic processes include health promotion and education, counseling, nursing interventions and empowerment of individuals, families or groups to exercise maximum choice in relation to their health care† (ANMC, 2002). Sara’s sixth right states that the healthcare professionals should make her understand of her situation as well as treatment options in an easy-to-understand language. Ethically, it is the right thing to do as the healthcare professionals should make their patients aware of their health condition, its consequences and the treatment options in the easiest manner. In Sara’s case, we see that at a very young age, she is a patient with ectopic pregnancy and nothing except surgery can save her life from being ruined. According to Mary Ellen Trail Ross, â€Å"Nurses must frequently make arduous decisions when faced with ethical dilemmas that occur in clinical practice. Utilizing ethical principles for analyzing and reflecting on the issues may ease this difficult task. In addition, the nurse involved may experience less anxiety and uncertainty over whether or not the correct decision was made† (Ross, 1993). We have observed that the healthcare professionals (in Sara’s case) have respected her rights and have advised her for the most safest and viable option. The role of nurse is taken seriously in this regard as she is the one who takes extreme care in such delicate cases. Sara’s seventh right is her right to give or ask permission for the treatment. Before any treatment is initiated, her complete permission has to be sought. But here involves a complexity. Sara is underage and they should have legal consent from their guardians before performing or prescribing any medical treatment. Judith M. Cassells and Barbara K. Redman emphasize on the ethical dilemmas when concerning the informed consent. In the practice, a nurse should take into account the moral aspects of nursing care when arriving on any decision (Cassells & Redman, 1988). Applying values in order to come into a decision mostly works and therefore, Sara has been given the option for the surgery. According to her right, she can utilize her free will and sign on the legal consent form without any questions from the healthcare provider as her right entails her to do so. However, a legal consent from her guardian would have done her more good as it is essentially vital for someone who is close to her (as in relations) to be by her when this surgery would take place. Ethically and legally, what Sara is doing and has gone through the surgery is right but morally speaking, the presence of someone close would have helped the patient in a great way. Lastly, Sara has her right for privacy. Legally, yes. Ethically- the hospital, the hospital staff as well as the doctors and nurses are not allowed to reveal either. The information serves in the best interest of the patient and without the written consent of the patient, no information is revealed to any person, even if the person inquiring is a close relative. Geoffrey Hunt in his book, â€Å"Ethical issues in nursing† has stressed on maintaining the privacy as it helps in proper management of records and helps the patient be at ease regarding his or her health information (Hunt, 1994). While all her rights have been served and the ethical aspect of every right having been discussed, we have seen how the public patient charter issued by Queensland government helped in making public aware of their rights. The rights stated therein are the laws and the ethics involved stated here are from a nursing perspective. Marie T. Hilliard in her journal article, â€Å"Nursing, Ethics and Professional roles† states that there has always been a growing concern over the ethical codes and practice where nurses are involved but today, immense information has been highlighted for the public as well as the medical professionals in order to understand their practice, their laws as well as their ethics (Hilliard, 1990). Overall, the public charter has highlighted on the responsibilities and rights of the patient in a way that they are able to utilize it with full knowledge and are able to gain the maximum benefit out of it. Reference http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/APCITY/UNPAN016276.pdf http://icn.ch/icncode.pdf